Sleep Patterns Of Young Adults Essay - 1018 Words

ANALYSIS Sleep Analysis Study As I was searching for an article to study, I came across a study that was done on the sleep patterns of both men and women that were enrolled in the United States Military Academy. Nita Lewis Miller and Lawrence G. Shattuck were in charge of the study. They wanted to specifically study the sleep patterns of young adults and how it affected them in their day to day lives. This Study takes place over a 4 year period of time. Most of the participants remain the same throughout the study, but those who decided to drop out or had to be removed were replaced with another participant who compared with them demographically. The general topic of this study was to examine the sleep patterns of young adults. Young adults vary differently from any other age group. They have the tendency to go to sleep later, but have difficulty rising in the morning. This is due to â€Å"melatonin being released later, peaking and dropping off later† (Miller, Shattuck, Sleep pattern s of Cadets at the U.S. Military Academy,2005, P.1) More specifically they wanted to study men and women that were first year cadets in the United States Military Academy. They chose these types of candidates for a reason; they knew that the USMA would be testing these individuals in four areas: intellectual, physical, military and moral- ethical. Miller and Shattuck sought to study how getting less sleep affected their performance. The participants as stated above were first year cadets bothShow MoreRelatedElectronic Media And Sleep Research951 Words   |  4 PagesMedia and Sleep Over the years, electronic media has contributed different ways in the modern society, especially young adults, who has been the largest group among media users. The use of Electronic Media has recently raised a concern regarding to sleeping behaviors that are presented among students around the world. Since the early 21st century, researchers have conducted a study that shows the connection between electronic media and sleeping patterns with young adults (Journal of Sleep ResearchRead MoreEssay about The Importance and Intricacies of Sleep990 Words   |  4 Pages Sleep Sleep is the time when people’s brain is very active. Sleep takes more effects to the brain in infancy through childhood. During these periods of the life span the brain develops a lot while sleeping, which is why they fall into deeper sleep. During infancy the first year is the most drastic change of the baby’s sleeping pattern. Infants do not sleep throughout the night since they have not yet developed a sleep cycle yet (Lampl). Infants sleep from 12-18 hours a day. In a study done toRead MoreHow Much Sleep Is Enough1189 Words   |  5 PagesMuch Is Enough? †¢ The amount of sleep that a healthy individual needs is largely determined by two factors: genetics and age. Genetics plays a role in both the amount of sleep a person needs, as well as his or her preference for waking up early (these are the so-called larks, or morning-type individuals) or staying up late (these are the owls, or evening-type people). Our internal biological clock, which regulates the cycling of many functions including the sleep/wake cycle, can vary slightly fromRead MoreSleep Deprivation And Childhood Deprivation1628 Words   |  7 Pagesapproximately 8-10 hours of sleep per night and young adults (18-25) should be getting 7-9 hours of sleep ideally (Ferrara Gennaro, 2001). Getting this amount of sleep is ideal for proper growth and health in teens/young adults. However, generally speaking ask any typical High Schooler, more common in Juniors/Seniors, and they will say that their sleep schedule is nowhere close to the recommended amount (Dinges, Pack, Will iams et al. 1997). This is where the issue of sleep deprivation arises. GettingRead MoreEssay on Sleepwalking1136 Words   |  5 PagesSleepwalking Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder effecting an estimated 10 percent of all humans at least once in their lives (1). This widespread phenomenon varies in its intensity and frequency. While most sleepwalking incidents are short and not dangerous, some can involve self-injury and are much more dangerous for the sleeper. Also, most interestingly, the disorder seems to stem from many different sources, not from one definable cause such as a chemical imbalance. While it is predominantlyRead MoreTesting Reaction Times And Performing Mini Mental Examinations Essay1233 Words   |  5 Pagescognitive function assessments. Sleep is one of the factors that impact the way an individual performs everyday tasks. Being fully rested and having a full night’s rest give individuals the ability to make clear decisions, allow them to solve complex problems and comprehend the world around them. Sleep deprivation, on the other hand, hinders people by not allowing them to think about their options an d by making it harder for them to focus on the task at hand. The quantity of sleep an individual has can notRead MoreHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention Program Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesyourself that you will definitely make up for the lost sleep tomorrow, but it never happens. Though you condemn the alarm, or school, your health is your own responsibility, and that includes sleep. Sleep health has received national attention, with various studies evaluating sleep patterns of the nation, determining the consequences of inadequate sleep, and designating goals to meet in the future. The healthy people program, which in 2010 determined sleep-health a significant topic, intends to improve thisRead MoreHolistic Assessment Of An Older Adult Using The Spices Tool Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pagespaper is to perform a holistic assessment of an older adult using the SPICES tool. What is SPICES? The acronym SPICES stands for Sleeping disorder, Problems with eating and feeding, Incontinence, Confusion, Evidence of falls, and Skin breakdown (Fulmer Wallace, 2012). Each area of the tool is important to assess in order to address problems and develop interventions or solutions to the problems and to ultimately provide quality patient care. Sleep is important not only for promoting healing, but alsoRead MoreTeen Curfew763 Words   |  4 Pagescities for a while now. Parents and city council members have been trying to push laws to have young adults home safe and sound where they should be at a more reasonable time. Teen curfews are a good idea and should be enforced. Not only would it show more responsibility on the young adult’s part, but it would support teen safety. Another advantage to a curfew is that it would will help teens to be less sleep deprived. Responsibility is something that takes time to learn. We all had to go throughRead MoreThe Effects Of Electronic Devices On Children And Adolescents Essay1464 Words   |  6 Pagesand family, self-perception, behavior and sleep pattern. 2) It is now a standard in today’s school and at home to have access to a computer to complete homework assignment and projects. The additional stress to perform has risen and has caused unwanted stress and anxiety in school age children. Due to the ease of accessibility of cellular phones and tablets today, it has become harder to monitor what your child/adolescent. â€Å"Only about three in ten young people say they have rules about how much

Keiner Merchandising Company Net Profit Assignment

Essays on Keiner Merchandising Company Net Profit Assignment The paper â€Å"Keiner Merchandising Company Net Profit" is a  thoughtful example of an assignment on finance accounting. The main purpose of the internal control procedures is to ensure that an organization’s operations comply with the quality assurance standards of a firm. The objective is achieved through the maintenance of internal controls, which constitute peer reviews of financial statements and continuous performance appraisals.Record keeping of a firm’s assets should be separated from the custody of the same assets to avoid temptations of fraud in the safeguarding of assets.   The separation is vital because of the value attached to internal controls and oversight roles of involved staff.The responsibility of a transaction must be given to more than one party in order to ensure accountability. The move is one of the internal control measures within a firm, which prevents fraud. It is easy to trace persons responsible for fraudulent conduct when two or mor e parties are involved in a transaction especially the material requisition transaction.The items included in the cash equivalents category include cash, checks, recovery of debts and petty cash.   Liquidity refers to the ability of an organization to meet both its short-term and long-term cash commitments.A good internal control system enhances protection for the cash receipt and disbursements through a separation of duties, performance appraisal, and total quality management. Disbursement of cash requires the segregation of duties, review of authorized signors, and requisition of dual signors and the reconciliation of bank accounts in good time.The internal control ignored in the case of Franco Company is the segregation of duties. The same person authorizing checks for the company should not perform the record-keeping function. Segregation of duties could have prevented such embezzlement of the fund, $18400.The perpetual inventory system is reliable. First-In-First out system e nsures that old stock is sod before new stock is sold.Sales  Ã‚  Ã‚   =350 unitsClosing stock   =150 unitsOpening inventory  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   =320 units$3Purchases (p1) = 80 units $3.2Purchases (p2) = 100 units $3.34FIFO method:Sales 320 units $3Sales  Ã‚  Ã‚   30 units $3.2  Ã‚  For the purchases (p1) closing stock accounts for 50 units @3   = $150For the purchases (p2) closing stock accounts for 100 units @ $3.2 =$320The cost of closing stock using FIFO =$ (150+320) = $ 470LIFO method:Sales100 units @$3.3480 units @$3.2170 units @ $3The closing stock will account for 150 units@$3=$450Weighted average method:Closing stock will account for 150 units @ weighted average priceWeighted average price=(3.34+3.2+3)/3= $3.18Closing stock cost=(150 x 3.18     =$477Harris Company is the consignor and Harlow Company is the consignee. The consignee, Harlow Company has the right to include other goods as part of the stock. Harlow Company should include the consignment of $12500 g oods o transit as part of its closing inventory.Merchandise inventory includes goods ready for sale.Nov. 5thDr. Purchases account $6000(600x10)Cr. Creditors account   $6000Nov. 7thDr. Creditors account   $250Cr. Purchases account $250Nov.11thDr. Creditors account   $5750Cr. Cash account $5750April 1stDr. Debtors account  Ã‚  Ã‚   $3000Cr. Sales account  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   $3000Dr. Profit and loss account  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   $ 1200(3000-1800)Cr. Sales $1200April 4thDr. Sales account $600Cr. Debtors account  Ã‚  Ã‚   $600Dr. Sales account $240Cr. Profit and loss account $240

The Step to a Civil Society as Mandatory Education Free Essays

A civil society is one in which its citizens all get along and are happy with their situations. Just about everyone has a job and knows their place in the society. There are three ways to assure this. We will write a custom essay sample on The Step to a Civil Society as Mandatory Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are make education mandatory, upon school graduation give everyone a job even if it is menial and make everyone equal, no social classes. This can only be achieved when a new society is being started. The first step to a civil society is mandatory education. This is important because without education the members of the society would be ignorant. In school these people will be taught the basics – reading, math and how to write along with training for their future jobs. These jobs will be chosen by the age of 15 when every person is considered an adult. The second step is upon graduation putting these people in the jobs chosen for them by the school teachers. Each job will be considered equal. For example a doctor is equal to a trash collector. This way no one will feel inferior to anyone and everyone will understand how important they are to the society. These people will not be paid for their jobs. Instead they will obtain things, like food, depending on how hard they work. The harder they work, the more food they receive. The last step is to make everyone equal. This way no one can object to the way things are run. Also there won’t be any slaves or servants and there won’t be social classes because everyone will be getting paid the same. With these three steps any new society can become a civil society.It just takes the dedication of its people to get the job done. How to cite The Step to a Civil Society as Mandatory Education, Papers

Business Development Of Progressive Enterprises †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Business Development Of Progressive Enterprises. Answer: Introduction The main purpose of the assignment is to research on an organization and develop a business case that determines the information needs in real organization. The selected organization is Progressive Enterprises that is based in New Zealand and operates in retail sector (Weaven et al., 2014). The current segment analyze the information needs of Progressive Enterprises in a functional area (Human resource) and the value it offers to identify the critical success factors of retail industry in New Zealand. Progressive Enterprises is one of the grocery companies in New Zealand that occupies second position in terms of revenue with $4957 million. This company is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Australias largest retail company named as Woolworths Limited. The company faces stiff competition from Wesfarmers Limited and ASDA who are also retail giant in and across Australia and New Zealand. Progressive Enterprises continues to exhibit attractive performances in New Zealand retailing industry (Keller Kotler, 2015). The critical success factors of Progressive Enterprises is due to several factors that includes maintaining the strengths of main supply chain that is important success factor in the retailing industry. Progressive Enterprises still continues strengthening their online stores when they believe that online commerce had become growing market especially during special occasion. Furthermore, Progressive Enterprises improves their online services by conducting huge investments in the IT systems. Progressive Enterprises believes in delivering fresh food to the people where the customers are aware of the benefits of quality goods (Sheth Sisodia, 2015). Problem This business case is taken from the company named as Progressive Enterprises that is based in New Zealand and operates in retail sector. To this, the functional area that is problematic part at Progressive Enterprises is Human resources (Keller Kotler, 2015). There are various cases faced by Progressive enterprises while operating in the retail sector. Some of the problems are listed below with proper justification: High turnover- It is known that retail sector is troublesome for having a high rate of employee turnover (Baker Parkinson, 2016). This was exactly the case with Progressive Enterprises. In this industry, it is noted that employees routinely come and leave the company and this poses challenges to the human resource department (the functional area selected for this study). Training and developing becomes difficult for the human resource department to build loyalty if there is constant recruitment and hiring process goes on (Nordhielm Depena-Baron, 2013). Diversity- Staff members coming from diverse backgrounds poses trouble in developing cohesiveness. From the point of view of HR, they face challenges in managing the diversity by avoiding any conflicts and promoting the spirit of tolerance as well as collaboration and teamwork (Meffert, 2013). Misconceptions- The management of Progressive Enterprises must overcome a number of common challenges as well as misconceptions that are popular in the work environment. These problems include long duration work hours, no full-time jobs benefits, no growth opportunities and low pay (Keller Kotler, 2015). Seasonal demand- At Progressive Enterprises, they always experience seasonal demand fluctuations (Baker Parkinson, 2016). During this time, the retailers often try to add temporary staff to best serves the customers. At this time, the management of Progressive Enterprises uses fewer skilled and trained workers for work who does not have tools to best serve the customers (Sheth Sisodia, 2015). Solution The problem with high turnover can be addressed by the management of Progressive Enterprises (Baker Parkinson, 2016). They can address the problems by recruiting the right people as well as building a rapport with the employees. At the time of interviewing the people, the Human resource manager should ask specific questions that relate to the type of work the employees of Progressive Enterprises need to perform. Informal social outings as well as fun games at Progressive Enterprises will help in building rapport (Keller Kotler, 2015). The problem with diversity can be managed by the management of Progressive Enterprises. The HR department should include diversity discussions in store meetings as well as encourage employees where they can engage in discussing the differences. These techniques will be helpful towards building a cohesive team. A diverse workforce is a positive aspect that should prevail at Progressive Enterprises (Keller Kotler, 2016). Diverse workforce will help Progressive Enterprises to better connect with its current marketplace as well as lead to more and better ideas and results in the future. The problem with misconceptions can be managed by the management of Progressive Enterprises. The management should offer regular eight hour work shifts for the employees working at Progressive Enterprises. The management should provide competitive pay as well as benefits to their full-time employees (Ingenbleek et al., 2015). When an employee work hard and establishes a good track in the business, the management should offer higher salaries and management positions for boosting their level of confidence (Baker Parkinson, 2016). The problem with seasonal demand can be management of Progressive Enterprises. The management should develop a plan for assimilating temporary workers at the time of seasonal periods. To that, the management of Progressive Enterprises should conduct store meeting at the start of busy season as it is the best way to guide temporary workers learn the system and get familiar with the regular staff members (Keller Kotler, 2015). Approach There are various approaches that can be undertaken by the management of Progressive Enterprises of Progressive Enterprises to solve the problems identified. For each of the options identified, the main problem takes place when there is frequent recruitment and hiring activities (Hollensen, 2015). This give rise to bad image for any company there is constant hiring activities goes on. People often think that employees are leaving the company. But, the case may not be the same. It is a case of selection of employees for right job. It is a tough challenge of Human Resource Managers to select right people for right job. Otherwise, there will be always employees who will show no interest towards work (Baker Parkinson, 2016). The approach that should be undertaken by the HR Managers is as follows with proper justification: Training- Human Resource Department at Progressive Enterprises should nurture an organizational culture that embraces a positive shopping experience for each of the customers (Baker Parkinson, 2016). Training of employees will help them to know their job role and how to maintain relationship with the clients at stores. Knowledge of product is important component of customer-service equation as well as necessitates the future-benefit instruction that enables the staff members to be in contact with customers and be able to answer questions with proper suggestions as well (Foxall, 2014). Workforce management- Staff members are in pressure while working at retail stores of Progressive Enterprises as there is long business hours, seasonal nature of the industry and frequent promotional events (Sheth Sisodia, 2015). These activities put staff members into pressure at stores as they have to meet the customer expectations. The scheduling of expertise of HR need to be aligned with the associate attributes for tasks and shopper profits (Keller Kotler, 2015). Recruitment- Human Resource Managers who work for retail companies struggle to attract customer-oriented candidates who are comfortable with technology as well as willing to accept irregular hours, relatively low pay and holiday assignments. The Human resource department is in constant pressure as any bad hire can damage reputation of company and waste of resources. The solution is recruiting right employees for right position (Armstrong et al., 2015). Risk assessment Risk is present in every business enterprises and it can only be mitigated by using approaches but cannot be avoided as whole. While working for retail sector, the Human resource department faces various types of risks such as redundancy. It is for this reason important for Progressive Enterprises to manage their functional area (Human resource department) so that they work hard for becoming true asset for the business (Ekpo et al., 2015). Retail sector is a growing industry as people will purchase things that are necessary to them, so companies in the retail sector enjoys high profit margins and market share in the competitive marketplace. Value analysis From the above discussion, it is noted that Progressive Enterprises has the ability to generate value in their business where staff members are working their best and that results in revenue generation for the company. It can never happen that a sector and functional area has no problem as such. The study had been conducted to bring out the problems that are faced by Human Resource Management in the retail sector (Baker Parkinson, 2016). The value creation at Progressive Enterprises is in better position as they are working hard for meeting the customer expectations so that there is repeated customers and acquisition of new one as well. The main value creation of Progressive Enterprises is that they provides satisfactory returns to the stakeholders that keep them intact with the company and help in generating high profits in the upcoming financial year (Keller Kotler, 2015). References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2015).Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Baker, M. J., Parkinson, S. T. (2016).Organizational Buying Behaviour: Purchasing and Marketing Management Implications. Springer. Ekpo, A. E., Riley, B. K., Thomas, K. D., Yvaire, Z., Gerri, G. R. H., Muoz, I. I. (2015). As worlds collide: The role of marketing management in customer-to-customer interactions.Journal of Business Research,68(1), 119-126. Foxall, G. (2014).Strategic Marketing Management (RLE Marketing)(Vol. 3). Routledge. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Ingenbleek, P. T., Meulenberg, M. T., Van Trijp, H. C. (2015). Buyer social responsibility: a general concept and its implications for marketing management.Journal of Marketing Management,31(13-14), 1428-1448. Keller, K. L., Kotler, P. (2016).Marketing management. Pearson Keller, K. L., Kotler, P. T. (2015).Framework for Marketing Management. Pearson. Meffert, H. (2013).Marketing-Management: AnalyseStrategieImplementierung. Springer-Verlag. Nordhielm, C., Depena-Baron, M. (2013).Marketing management: The big picture. Wiley Global Education. Sheth, J. N., Sisodia, R. S. (2015).Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge Weaven, S., Grace, D., Dant, R., R. Brown, J. (2014). Value creation through knowledge management in franchising: a multi-level conceptual framework.Journal of Services Marketing,28(2), 97-104.

The Music of Guillaume de Machaut Essay Example For Students

The Music of Guillaume de Machaut Essay Guillame de Machaut was one of the foremost composers of the 14th century. His music presents a very clear picture of the changes that were taking place in the music and musical style in the 1300s. In this essay we will analyze one of Machauts most famous secular songs â€Å"Foy Porter† and observe the techniques that he used. This can help us learn more about the new styles of music that were evolving during his life time and how they were used. In Europe during the 1300s, new ways of thinking were beginning to emerge. People started to have new ideas about secular parts of life and sacred parts of life and what the relationship between the two should be. We can see that music followed a similar course. The Ars Nova is a term that describes a style of music being written in France during the period of these changes. It was characterized by more freedom in rhythm and melody. This period saw the invention of what would become the modern notation system which allowed composers to notate much more complicated melodies and rhythms. Songs that were based on chant melodies were given secular words and used for a secular purpose. We will write a custom essay on The Music of Guillaume de Machaut specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Secular musicians, like the scientists of the time, were becoming more and more focused on the senses and the pleasure that could be perceived through them. It was quite a change from the church music, which was unaccompanied simply because it would have made it to enjoyable and therefore not spiritual enough. Professional musicians who entertained the nobility were interested in pleasing their audience in both poetry, and in complex melody and rhythm. Guillaume de Machaut, was born around 1300 and died in 1377, so his life spans the Ars Nova. In fact it is his death that scholars classify as the end of the period. He was a priest but also served in the courts of the King of Bohemia and the King of Navarre during his life. He is one of the best known composers of the Ars Nova style and this is partly due to the fact that his compositions were well documented by himself, during his life. Machaut wrote both church and secular music but it is the latter that he is best known for. In his secular music he expanded on the form fixes, which were the standard forms of the day. Machaut composed many rondeau, the ballade and the virelai, and used them to their full advantage to experiment with and perfect the techniques of the Ars Nova style. Even when Machaut used the traditional formats, he made small changes to rhythm or melodic patterns or rhyme scheme that made it more complex and enabled the performer to show off their technique and expression. The history of the virelai is in many ways quite simple. It most likely developed from dance songs of the troubadours. The word ‘virelai’ probably comes from the Old French virer meaning ‘to turn’ or ‘to twist’, reinforcing the use of the virelai to accompany dance. The virelai was usually monophonic but polyphonic virelai became more popular in the later 1300s. Machaut himself wrote 33 virelai in total and of those, 25 are monophonic. 2 Foy Porter is one of the 25 monophonic virelai and is therefore only a single line of melody with accompanying text. It is possible however that it was accompanied by instruments, but their parts would have been improvised. All of the form fixes, as the name implies, have a standard, or fixed, form in which they are written and â€Å"Foy Porter† is a very good example of the standard virelai form. .ufefcc5c129ee0ee09f6767beebe4af94 , .ufefcc5c129ee0ee09f6767beebe4af94 .postImageUrl , .ufefcc5c129ee0ee09f6767beebe4af94 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufefcc5c129ee0ee09f6767beebe4af94 , .ufefcc5c129ee0ee09f6767beebe4af94:hover , .ufefcc5c129ee0ee09f6767beebe4af94:visited , .ufefcc5c129ee0ee09f6767beebe4af94:active { border:0!important; } .ufefcc5c129ee0ee09f6767beebe4af94 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufefcc5c129ee0ee09f6767beebe4af94 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufefcc5c129ee0ee09f6767beebe4af94:active , .ufefcc5c129ee0ee09f6767beebe4af94:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufefcc5c129ee0ee09f6767beebe4af94 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufefcc5c129ee0ee09f6767beebe4af94 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufefcc5c129ee0ee09f6767beebe4af94 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufefcc5c129ee0ee09f6767beebe4af94 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufefcc5c129ee0ee09f6767beebe4af94:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufefcc5c129ee0ee09f6767beebe4af94 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufefcc5c129ee0ee09f6767beebe4af94 .ufefcc5c129ee0ee09f6767beebe4af94-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufefcc5c129ee0ee09f6767beebe4af94:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Baroque and Renaissance music EssayThe song begins with the refrain, moves through stanza one and the first ending, followed by stanza two and the second ending. Then it returns to the refrain melody with a new text and then repeats the original refrain again. The form is A bb1a A bb1a A bb1a A. A is the original refain, b is the original stanza, b1 is the stanza melody with new text, and a is the refain melody with new text. The ambitus of this virelai is from d to high f. The d occurs only once at the end of the second stanza and the high f is also only seen once and is the pitch that both of the stanzas begin on. There are b naturals and b flats used throughout. The final pitch is an f and many of the phrases as well as the stanzas, end on c so it is most likely in mode lydian, with f as the final, and c as the reciting tone. The melody is in general, syllabic, with a few short nuematic parts. There is also one short melisma in bars 13 and 14. The melody often moves downward and then jumps up a 5th or 6th, usually after a rest. This pattern is used throught Machauts virelais as well as his ballades and rondeau. 3 The virelai was also known as a chanson ballade or â€Å"a song for danceing†. The rhythm of Foy Porter is very memorable with it repeated patterns of short-short-short-short-long. This pattern is seen in the first two measures and is repeated on different pitches through out the piece. For example in measures 11-12. Each short line of poetry has a its own piece of the melody and seperating them from each other is a rest. This does a very good job of highlighting the lists in the poetry. Overall the rhythm is very lively and playful. Here is the opening line of the virelai: In the second bar is an example of this leaping part of the melodic line. Also the rhythmic pattern is repeated three different times. As with the troubadours and trouveres courtly love was the main theme of Machauts poetry, and this virelai is no different. The poetry addresses a lady and specifically talks about how the composer would show his faithfulness. In the refrain is a list of these things; to be faithful, to guard her honour, to seek peace, to obey, to fear, to serve, and to honour. Every time the refain melody is sung the text is a list. The lines of poetry in the original French, have two rhyming endings: the -er and the -ir, which form their own pattern. The rhymeing pattern in the refrain is always aabbbaba, and the pattern for the stanzas is always bbabbaaabbbaba, where â€Å"a† is the -er ending and â€Å"b† is the -ir ending. The Ars Nova changed a lot in music and essentially gave us out modern notation sytem. Machaut played a huge part in this period of music and his virelai Foy Porter shows how he used the styles of the ars nova. Foy Porter is one of Machauts many pieces that can give us an idea of how composers were using new techniques and ideas to please their audiences. What Machaut s music achieved so beautifully was a natural combination of poetry with music.

Hydrogen sulphide colourless and flammable gas Essay Example

Hydrogen sulphide colourless and flammable gas Essay Example Hydrogen sulphide colourless and flammable gas Essay Hydrogen sulphide colourless and flammable gas Essay 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen sulfide or H sulphide ( H2S ) is a colourless and flammable gas, it has a high solubility in H2O and possesses the characteristic odor of icky eggs. H2S is a major constituent of natural gas and although it is found in little measures in normal air it occurs to a much greater extent in vents, hot springs and hydrothermal blowholes, which are countries on the sea bed place to legion bacteriums that utilise H2S and hence back up a battalion of beings. It is besides encountered in sewerage intervention workss, swine containment, and manure-handling operations and in any contained infinites in which organic stuff has decayed or in which inorganic sulfides exist under cut downing conditions ( Guidotti, 1996 ) . By far the largest industrial path to H2S occurs in crude oil refineries via thehydrodesulphurizationprocess which releases sulfur frompetroleumby the action of H ( Guidotti, 1996 ) . Besides being a byproduct to industrial and agricultural procedures H2S besides has valua ble applications in industry. Production of thioorganic compounds and alkali metal sulfides, which can be used to degrade polymers still depend on H2S. Besides, the gas had importance in analytical chemical science for over a century although it has been superseded by thioacetamide as a beginning of sulphide ions in little graduated table analysis. H2S is a extremely toxic compound with legion human deaths due to exposure, both inadvertent and premeditated. It exerts a figure of inauspicious effects on organic structure systems, although inspiration of up to 10 ppm H2S has little or no metabolic consequence on human voluntaries when resting or exerting ( Bhambhani et al. , 1996 A ; 1997 ) . However, higher concentrations of inhaled H2S ( up to 30 ppm ) can do sickness, purging, concern and shortness of breath whilst even greater exposures ( 150-250 ppm ) elicit respiratory tract annoyance and pneumonic hydrops ( Oesterhelweg and Puschel, 2008 ) . H2S is a powerful reduction agent. For illustration H2S reacts with and quenches the superoxide anion ( O2- ) every bit good as other reactive O species ( ROS ) ( Chang et al. , 2008 ) and sulfide is capable of cut downing cytochrome a3 every bit good as cytochromes c and a ( Nicholls and Kim, 1982 ) . H2S toxicity arises from adhering to cytochrome oxidase enzymes in a complex mechanism which consequences in a concluding inhibitory consequence resembling that of nitrile. Inhibition of the cytochrome degree Celsius oxidase enzyme involves an initial rapid reaction of sulphide oxidization and O uptake with a subsequent measure that reduces cytochrome a. In the concluding inhibitory measure sulphide binds reversibly to the heme aa3 site of cytochrome hundred oxidase ( Nicholls and Kim, 1982 ) accordingly suppressing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and barricading the capacity for adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) production. Ultimately this disrupts cell respiration and metamorpho sis since ATP holds a cardinal function in metabolic reactions every bit good as other energy dependent procedures such as active conveyance and DNA synthesis. The intervention of H nitrile ( HCN ) toxic condition is successful utilizing methemoglobin, nevertheless this is non effectual in H2S poisoning despite the ferrous heme group of methemoglobin scavenging H2S. This gives rise to other mechanisms of H2S toxicity that involves depletion of GSH ( glutathione ) and activation of O to organize reactive O species that can take to hurtful effects ( Truong et al. , 2006 ) . 1.2 Nitric oxide and C monoxide established gasotransmitters Nitric oxide ( NO ) and C monoxide ( CO ) are gases that besides show toxicity in worlds. Both are found of course in the ambiance and besides as the consequence of human activities. CO reversibly binds the heme aa3 site of cytochrome hundred oxidase like H2S to irreversibly suppress mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. CO besides exhibits toxicity by adhering other haem-proteins such as cytochrome P450 and hemoglobin thereby capacity of O2 passenger car ( Piantadosi, 2002 ) . NO besides affects mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the same manner nevertheless it does so reversibly ( Li et al. , 2009 ) . Despite their toxicity NO and CO are of import go-betweens in physiological procedures and disease provinces and are produced endogenously. NO synthesis takes topographic point in the vascular endothelium with L-arginine moving as a substrate for the enzyme NO synthase ( NOS ) , of which three isoforms exist. Endothelial ( vitamin E ) NOS is constitutively expressed in endothelial cells and produces NO in response to physiological stimulations and emphasis, whereas inducible ( I ) NOS generates larger sums of NO in response to immunological stimulations and is transcriptionally regulated ( Palmer and Moncada, 1989 ) . Neuronal ( N ) NOS produces NO in the nervous system where it has a function in cell communicating ( Southan and Szabo 1996 ) . NO produced in the endothelium has a relaxatory consequence on vascular smooth musculus by triping soluble guanylate cyclase ( sGC ) which increases intracellular degrees of cyclic GMP triping protein kinase G, finally dephosphorylating myosin visible radiation concatenation kinase and loosen uping vascular smooth musculus to do vasodilatation ( Surks, 2007 ) . The endothelium affects smooth musculus by impacting cell proliferation and migration every bit good as keeping the balance between vasodilatation and vasoconstriction. Endothelial disfunction leads to the break of this balance and causes harm to the arterial wall, in the vasculature this is an early index to many cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease, myocardial ischaemia and coronary arteria disease ( Herman and Moncada, 2005 ) . Despite legion other endothelial maps, endothelial disfunction has become synonymous with decreased biological activity of NO ( Yetik-Anacakand Catravas, 2006 ) , hence NO is an indispensable biological go-between that besides commanding vascular tone besides prevents cardiovascular disease. The synthesis of CO is mediated by heme oxygenase ( HO ) of which three isoforms exist, HO-1, HO-2 and HO-3 ( Wu and Wang 2005 ) . The HO enzymes catalyse the debasement of haem giving biliverdin, CO, and Fe as the concluding merchandises ( Kikuchi et al. , 2005 ) . HO-1 is an inducible enzyme whereas HO-2 is a constitutively expressed enzyme expressed extremely in the encephalon ( Leffler et al. , 2006 ) , the function of HO-3 is non as clearly defined as the other two isoforms. CO is a laggard go-between that can adhere to calcium ( Ca2+ ) -activated-potassium ( K+ ) -channels ( BKCa channels ) , promoting the Ca2+-channel sensitiveness opening BKCa channels and hyperpolarising the smooth musculus cell ( Leffler et al. , 2006 ) . 1.3 Hydrogen sulfide synthesis Although toxic, in recent decennaries H2S has been found to be produced endogenously in different tissues with its relevancy as a biologically active gas going evident. In mammalian tissues the procedure of H2S production is reliant upon two pyridoxal 5-phosphate ( PLP ) -dependent enzymes, cystathionine gamma-lyase ( CSE ) and cystathionine beta-synthase ( CBS ) , with other enzymes playing a function. L-cysteine is the lone known precursor of H2S in mammals, CSE and CBS are non merely responsible for its transition into H2S, they besides play a function in the production of L-cysteine ( Fig1 ) . CBS catalyzes the condensation reaction between homocysteine ( Hcy ) and serine to organize cystathionine. CSE hydrolyses cystathionine to organize L-cysteine which now contains the sulfur atom from Hcy, and a-ketobutyrate ( Stipanuk and Ueki, 2009 ) . The same desiccation reaction that CBS catalyses to bring forth cystathionine is employed to bring forth H2S endogenously, the lone difference being the replacing of serine with L-cysteine under physiological conditions. Other alternate reactions catalyzed by CBS seem to do a undistinguished part of L-cysteine to desulphuration ( Singh et al. , 2009 ) . In worlds CSE combines L-cysteine with H2O to bring forth serine, pyruvate, NH3 and H2S ( Chen et al. , 2004 ) . H2S exerts a negative feedback consequence on the activity of these enzymes by suppressing CSE activity and besides suppressing the rate of gluconeogenesis from L-cysteine ( Wang, 2002 ) and in add-on CBS activity is mediated by Ca2+ and calmodulin, its activity is suppressed by calmodulin-specific inhibitors ( Eto et al. , 2002 ) . CSE appears to be the outstanding enzyme responsible for bring forthing H2S in mammalian systemic vass ( Szabo, 2007 ) , bring forthing H2S in vascular smooth musculus cells but non in the endot helium ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ) Activity of CSE is besides noteworthy in the liver and kidney ( Ishii et al. , 2004 ) . CBS messenger RNA is extremely expressed in the encephalon, particularly in the hippocampus, while CSE messenger RNA is non noticeable ( Abe and Kimura, 1996 ) , in add-on Eto et al. , ( 2002 ) province that CBS is the lone enzyme that produces H2S in the encephalon and this enzyme is besides expressed in peripheral nervousnesss. Brain homogenates of CBS-knockout mice green goods H2S at degrees similar to those of wild-type mice, proposing the presence of another H2S-producing enzyme. 3-mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase ( 3MST ) along with cysteine transaminase ( CAT ) are found to bring forth H2S in the encephalon from the precursor 3-mercaptopyruvate ( 3MP ) , which is synthesised from L-cysteine and a-ketoglutarate by CAT ( Shibuya et al. , 2009 ) . In add-on, 3MST and CAT are localised to endothelial cells of the thoracic aorta, although merely 3MST is present in vascular smooth musculus cells ( Shibuya et al. , 2009 ) . Another less of import endogenous beginning of H2S is the non-enzymatic decrease of elemental sulfur to H2S utilizing cut downing equivalents obtained from the oxidization of glucose ( Searcy and Lee, 1998 ) 1.4 Endogenous effects of H sulfide 1.5 Brain and nervous system At physiological concentrations the map of H2S in the encephalon is to modify long term potentiation ( LTP ) ( Abe and Kimura, 1996 ) . This is a long permanent sweetening in signal transmittal between twoneuronsthat consequences from exciting them at the same time and is widely considered one of the major cellular mechanisms that underlieslearningandmemory ( Cooke and Bliss, 2006 ) . In add-on, H2S can be locally and transiently increased in response to neural excitement thenceforth stamp downing excitant postsynaptic potencies ( EPSPs ) ( Abe and Kimura, 1996 ) . H2S marks NMDA receptors in the encephalon to heighten NMDA receptor-mediated currents and ease the initiation of hippocampal LTP. H2S modulates NMDA receptors and enhances the initiation of LTP by increasing production of camp and triping protein kinase A resulting in the activation of NMDA-receptor-mediated excitant postsynaptic currents in neural and glial cells every bit good as oocytes ( Kimura, 1999 ; Wang, 2002 ) . The CBS cistron is encoded on chromosome 21, a part associated with Down syndrome and as a consequence it has been proposed that over production of H2S may be involved in the cognitive disfunction associated with Down syndrome ( Kamoun, 2001 ) . In Alzheimer s disease topics have abnormally low degrees of H2S due to alterations in the look of CBS ( Kamoun, 2004 ) . Uniting this cognition with the fact that polymorphism of the CBS cistron is significantly underrepresented in kids with high IQ compared with those with mean IQ suggests a function for CBS and hence H2S in cognitive map ( Kimura, 2002 ) . 1.6 Endocrine system Much is known about the function of ATP-regulated K+ channels in commanding the map of insulin releasing pancreatic A ; szlig ; cells. Rat insulinoma cells transfected with CSE or given H2S exogenously both showed reduced insulin release whereas CSE inhibitors caused an addition in insulin release ( Yang et al. , 2005 ) . 1.7 Inflammation The consequence of H2S in redness is combative. Experiments on mice with caecal ligation and puncture ( CLP ) -induced sepsis found that H2S significantlyaggravated sepsis-associated systemic redness whereas CSE inhibitors significantly reduced sepsis-associatedsystemic redness ( Zhang et al. , 2006 ) . Furthermore mice injected with LPS ( E. coli lipopolysaccharide ) , a go-between of redness, that were so administered with H2S showed an addition in lung redness and raised plasma TNF-alpha concentration. Conversely in mice given a CSE inhibitor marked anti-inflammatory activity was observed. In separate experiments worlds with infected daze showed higher degrees of plasma H2S than normal ( Li et al. , 2005 ) . H2S givers reduceoedemaformation andleukocyteadherence to thevascular endothelium and can increase the opposition of thegastric mucosato hurt and accelerate fix. In add-on increasedbiosynthesisof H2S has been demonstrated in carnal theoretical accounts of infected, endotoxic andhaemorrhagic daze, pancreatitisand carrageenan-evoked hindpaw hydrops in rats. In each instance, pharmacological suppression of H2Sbiosynthesisis anti-inflammatory ( Wallace 2007 ; Li et al. , 2006 ) . 1.8 Cardiac map H2S shows negative inotropic effects in rat myocardial tissue ( Geng et al. , 2004 ) but at the same clip plays a cardioprotective function. H2S produced in the bosom protected against harm following coronary artery judicial proceeding in rats ( Zhu et al. , 2007 ) and besides has a function in angiogenesis, a procedure whereby new blood vass are grown. The mechanism behind this procedure seems to be related to activation of Akt ( Cai et al. , 2007 ) 1.9 Vasculature H2S is by and large regarded as a smooth musculus relaxant that increases the quality of blood vass later doing a lessening in blood force per unit area. H2S has been shown to do vasorelaxation in stray rat aorta, stomachic arteria and portal vena ( Hosoki et al. , 1997 ; Zhao et al. , 2001 ) and besides in perfused rat mesenteric ( Cheng et al. , 2004 ) , but non coronary vascular beds ( Johansen et al. , 2006 ) . The relaxatory consequence is besides reported in different species of rat mice aortal rings and mesenteric arteria every bit good as bovine arteria ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ; Cheng et al. , 2004 ; Yang et al. , 2008 ) . In add-on to this the same consequence is seen in other invertebrates ( Dombkowski et al. , 2005 ) . However at that place seems to be marked species and vascular bed differences in the response to H2S. For illustration H2S causes a relaxation in stray rat pneumonic arterias ( Wang et al. , 2008 ) but in bovid pneumonic arterias it caused a contraction ( Dombk owski et al. , 2005 ) . In add-on a contraction response has been reported in rat aortal rings ( Kubo et al. , 2007 ; Koenitzer et al. , 2007 ; Ali et al. , 2006 ) and a double vasodilative and vasoconstrictive consequence of H2S has besides been observed in the human internal mammary arteria ( Elsey et al. , 2010 ) . The relaxatory response of H2S is largely due to its gap of ATP-regulated K+ channels in vascular smooth musculus cells ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ) which causes hyperpolarisation of the cell membrane and closes voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, later diminishing the concentration of Ca2+ within vascularsmooth musculus cells ( Wilson et al. , 2005 ) . This decreases the contractility of the smooth musculus cells which contract via protein kinase A and myosin visible radiation concatenation kinase ( MLCK ) activation in the presence of increased intracellular Ca2+ . The application of the NOS inhibitor L-NAME or the co-application of Ca2+-dependent K+ channel blockers and the remotion of the endothelium attenuated the vasorelaxant consequence of H2S ( Zhao and Wang, 2002 ) . The relaxation induced by H2S is partly endothelium dependant and mediated by the release of NO and any vasoconstrictive consequence observed with H2S is the consequence of suppressing the NOS enzyme involved in the tract of NO production ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ; Cheng et al. , 2004 ) . This indicates that the mechanism of relaxation associated with H2S does non merely affect ATP-regulated K+ channels, and the release of NO, EDHF ( endothelial-derived hyperpolarising factor ) or the effects of H2S on ATP production and cell pH might besides lend to its vasoactivity. The short continuance of the hypotensive consequence of H2S could be attributed to the scavenging of H2S by metalloproteins, disulfide-containing proteins, thio-S-methyl-transferase and heme compounds ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ) . Apart from impacting vas qualities H2S may besides forestall diseases in the vasculature. Its angiogenic and cut downing belongingss coupled with its ability to suppress hypochlorite-induced alteration of LDL, an of import measure in atherogenesis, makes H2S a subscriber to the bar of coronary artery disease ( Laggner et al. , 2007 ) . 2.0 AIM This undertaking aimed to analyze the effects of H2S in mammalian vasculature specifically utilizing porcine tissue since much of the current literature is based on rats and mice. We besides aimed to find the mechanisms of its action, and whether endogenous production of H2S was apparent in these vass. 5.0 DISSCUSSION When gassed with Carbogen or 95 % air, 5 % CO2 NaHS caused a variable response at low concentrations, normally a little contraction, followed by a big vasorelaxation at higher concentrations. This was occured in all experiments where NaHS was being cumulatively added regardless of any other substances being present ( Fig 2, 3a, 3b, 4, 7a, 7b and 8 ) . This observation is consistent with current literature which province that H2S elicits smooth musculus relaxation in rat aorta, stomachic arteria and portal vena ( Hosoki et al. , 1997 ; Zhao et al. , 2001 ) and besides in perfused rat mesenteric arteria ( Cheng et al. , 2004 ) . The same consequence is besides seen in other invertebrates ( Dombkowski et al. , 2005 ) . The little contraction prior to the big relaxation is non something uncommon. ( Zhoa et al. , 2001 ; Cheng et al. , 2004 ) study this contraction which may be the consequence of H2S suppressing the NOS enzymes that produce NO. Numerous articles account for the engagement of ATP-sensitive K+ channels with the relaxation of H2S ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ; Zhao and Wang 2002 ; Wang 2002 and 2004 ) and have proved this by cut downing the relaxant effects of H2S by adding glibenclamide ( Kubo et al. , 2010 ) . In add-on to this H2S induced vasorelaxation is inhibited by high concentrations of TEA proposing the engagement of non-specific K+ channels ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ) . Besides, different blockers for KCa or Kv channels fail to impact the vascular effects of H2S ( Nelson and Quayle, 1995 ) , so the relaxation caused by H2S occurs largely by opening ATP-sensitive K+ channels ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ) . However our observations with glibenclamide and TEA did non correlate with these surveies. It has besides been hypothesised that the mechanism of H2S induced vasorelaxation involves the endothelium and NO. H2S might move as a hyperpolarizing factor, of which the consequence is amplified by the endothelium ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ) and portion of the relaxation caused by H2S is endothelium dependent and mediated by the release of NO and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing ( EDHF ) from the endothelium ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ; Cheng et al. , 2004 ; Zhao and Wang 2002 ) . Alternatively, endothelium-derived vasorelaxant factors may be released by H2S as L-NAME was reported to suppress the consequence of EDHF and reduced H2S induced vasorelaxation ( Cheng et al. , 2004 ; Doughty et al. , 1999 ) . Besides, the presence of an integral endothelium might retain H2S in the blood vas wall so that its vasorelaxant consequence can be potentiated and prolonged ( Zhao and Wang 2002 ) . On the contrary H2S has been found to well loosen up vascular tissues after endothelium remotion and there is no important difference in the consequence of H2S in the thoracic aorta with and without endothelial cells, proposing that the part of the endothelium to the relaxatory consequence of exogenic H2S must be low ( Hosoki et al. , 1997 ; Zhao and Wang 2002 ) . This is consistent with our findings since there was no important difference in response to NaHS between endothelium denuded and endothelium integral vass. However, when utilizing 95 % air, 5 % CO2 gassing conditions in endothelium denuded tissues there was a inclination for a greater vasorelaxation and the initial contractile response at low NaHS concentrations was abolished. This may be due to H2S releasing of a factor from the endothelium that causes vasoconstriction such as endothelin or prostaglandins ( Flower et al. , 2007 ) . Alternatively, the contraction may be due to the wipe uping up of a vasorelaxant released fr om the endothelium. For illustration NO, since incubation of H2S with NO or NO givers leads to the formation of nitrosothiol ( Whiteman et al. , 2006 ) . We found this non to be the instance since L-NAME did non hold the same consequence as endothelium remotion. However, NO regulates the endogenous degrees of H2S in vascular tissues by straight increasing CSE activity ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ) since CSE contains 12 cysteine residues that are possible marks for S-nitrosation, which may heighten the activity of CSE ( Koenitzer et al. , 2007 ) . In add-on, NO up regulates the look of CSE and by increasing the activity of cGMP dependent protein kinases can in bend stimulate CSE ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ) . Furthermore H2S induces vasorelaxation which is partly attenuated by encirclement of NO synthase ( Kimura 2010 ) and by direct suppression of NO utilizing L-NAME ( Kubo et al. , 2010 ; Zhao and Wang 2002 ) . Although the relaxation consequence of H2S entirely is weak, there is a synergism between NO and H2S on vascular smooth musculus relaxation ( Hosoki et al. , 1997 ) . Our surveies failed to demo an interaction between NO and H2S despite all literature on the subject bespeaking that a important difference should hold been observed. Exogenously applied L-cysteine causes a concentration dependent relaxation of strips of human principal cavernosum. L-cysteine induced relaxation is suppressed by a CSE inhibitor, PPG ( Kimura, 2010 ) . Our tissue readyings were unable to bring forth H2S from L-cysteine despite it being the lone known precursor to H2S and CSE being the lone known H2S bring forthing enzyme in the fringe ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ; Szabo, 2007 ) . As a consequence the outlook would hold been a response in the control and AOA experiments ( CBS inhibitor ) but these tissues were besides unable to bring forth H2S. This may be due to a deficiency of cofactors or effecters necessary for CSE and CBS activity such as pyridoxal-phosphate ( PLP ) and S-adenosyl-L-methionine. However, in a survey conducted on rat coronary arteria there was no statistically important consequence in response to the add-on of NaHS or L-cysteine ( Johansen et al. , 2006 ) so this may be a characteristic of mammalian coronary arteria. This leads us to believe that the mechanism of H2S vasorelaxation that we observed does non affect K+ channels, be they non-specific or ATP-dependant, and that neither NO or the endothelium have any engagement in loosen uping vascular smooth musculus in porcine coronary arteria. The big relaxation we observe may be the consequence of toxicity ; this is plausible because the normal scope of H2S in vascular tissues is ( BLA BLA BLA. ) . Indeed the relaxatory consequence of H2S is chiefly due to the direct consequence on ATP-sensitive K+ channels nevertheless every bit mentioned before H2S is toxic and can suppress metamorphosis via suppression of cytochrome hundred oxidase ( Nicholls and Kim, 1982 ) . It can therefore cut down the intracellular concentration of ATP which is needed for actin-myosin cross-bridge cycling and finally smooth musculus contraction ( Beauchamp et al. , 1984 ) . In add-on, GSH normally acts as an antioxidant to take ROS but it in the presence of H2S there is an surplus of ROS which is a natural by merchandise of metamorphosis, this leads to damage of DNA, oxidization of specific enzymes by oxidization of co-factors and lipid peroxidation ( Truong et al. , 2006 ) . The relaxation at higher concentrations of NaHS is besides transeunt and attenuates near to its basal degree before add-on of the concluding NaHS aliquot. The ground for this short continuance of relaxation could be attributed to the scavenging of H2S by metalloproteins, disulfide-containing proteins, thio-S-methyl-transferase and heme compounds ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ) . Besides the direct consequence of H2S on ATP-sensitive K+ channels doing relaxation it may besides be the consequence of its toxicity, since the decrease in ATP may be the cause of the evident addition in ATP-sensitive K+ channel currents produced by H2S. This is supported by the fact that metabolic inhibitors produce a glibenclamide-sensitive vasodilatation in guinea hog coronary arterias ( Daut et al. , 1990 ) . Although there was no important difference in response to NaHS in 95 % air compared to 95 % O2, a p value of 0.0931 for the peak contractions indicates a definite tendency for the tissues to contract more in a less oxygenated environment until the highest concentration is added where they behave likewise. One ground for this is that H2S catalyzes the release of NO from S-nitrosoglutathione in an O2 dependant mode ( Koenitzer et al. 2007 ) , so in low O2 degrees this procedure is non a marked giving a little contraction. It is possible that possibly with more experiments we would bring out a important difference between the responses in 95 % air compared to 95 % O2. The fact that the vass responded likewise to the concluding add-on of NaHS ( peak relaxation of -33 Â ± 9 % and 28 Â ± 20 % in 95 % air and 95 % O2 severally ) is farther grounds that the relaxation is chiefly due to the toxic effects of H2S. 6.0 Decision Harmonizing to our informations H2S causes a little contraction at low concentrations by suppressing the NOS enzymes and forestalling by the release of NO from S-nitrosoglutathione, at higher concentrations it causes a transeunt big relaxation which is the consequence of the toxicity of H2S. We are lead to this decision because there was no statistically important informations to propose the engagement of K+ channels, NO or the endothelium. The literature on H2S in the vasculature suggests otherwise and states that the relaxation induced by H2S comprises a minor endothelium dependent consequence and major direct consequence on smooth musculus, and that the consequence is mediated by the gap of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. In add-on to this the presence of CSE but non CBS moving on L-cysteine has been shown in the vasculature, and NO has been found to play a function by increasing CSE look and exciting it ( Zhoa et al. , 2001 ; Cheng et al. , 2004 ; Zhao and Wang 2002 ; Johansen et al. , 2006 ; Szabo, 2007 ) . However, all but two of the diaries mentioned in this thesis really experimented on coronary arterias and of the two that did ( Johansen et al. , 2006 ; Daut et al. , 1990 ) neither were porcine. As a consequence our findings in the porcine coronary arteria are plausible. The consequence of H2S is now a good documented country, peculiarly in the vasculature and encephalon, but at present the information that exists has been carried out on a figure of different animate beings such as rats, mice, cattles and fish. Of these animate beings the consequence in different species and vascular beds has been investigated, and as such it is a challenge to to the full categorize the consequence of H2S in the vasculature with the differences that arise with informations coming from such a assortment of beginnings.

Domain Name System Security Extensions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Domain Name System Security Extensions - Essay Example It is a collection of extensions to DNS that offer the DNS clients origin verification of DNS data, data reliability and authenticated defiance of existence. When you spend some time on the Internet either sending an e-mail or browsing the Web, you make use of domain name servers without even recognizing it. DNS is an extremely important part of the internet but totally to the user. The DNS structure forms one of the principals and most vigorous distributed databases on the globe. With no DNS, the Internet would fail instantly, thus it must be properly maintained and the proper security system put in place to secure it from people with bad intentions. Similar to the majority of the early Internet protocols, DNS was not meant to bear it does nowadays. It was not made with an Internet-as-e-commerce stage in mind as it is today. It was too not made to deal with cache poisoning, phishers, farmers, denial-of-service attacks, spammers or any kind of scammer. DNS reached its twenty-fifth in 2008, and started showing its age with major flaws in the system. Mimoso (2008, p1) says DNS was made as a "modest" substitute of host tables that were applied in keeping track of network machines. The ending outcome was the DNS we have come to recognize and love: a protocol that interprets domain names into IP addresses. This is what was required back in January 1, 1983 when machines on the ARPANET were needed to change to the TCP/IP protocol. What's required today is DNSSEC, which help defend against various attack against DNS servers, be it enterprise servers or the root DNS servers that control the Internet and have double fruitfully been attacked. DNSSEC offers source authentication of DNS data, data reliability and genuine denial of existence, as per the project's website. Various problems have subdued widespread deployment, including issues with scalability and well-suitability with diverse DNS servers. It is generally believed that making the DNS safe is critically vital for securing the entire Internet; however implementation of DNSSEC particularly has been held back by the difficulty of working out a backward-compatible set that can scale to the range of the Internet, avoiding "zone enumeration" where necessary, positioning DNSSEC implementations over a wide range of DNS servers and clients, disparity among major players over who ought to own the Top Level Domains such as .com, .net and .org root keys and finally conquering the perceived complication of DNSSEC and DNSSEC operation. A number of these problems are in the course of being determined, and deployments in a range of domains have started to take place.

BUSINESS ETHICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BUSINESS ETHICS - Essay Example Ethics, after all, encompass wider perspectives of human concerns ultimately affecting business organizations. Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell (2009, 6) define business ethics as â€Å"the principles and standards that guide behavior in the world of business†. As businesses comprise a greater majority of the world’s human activities, the importance of studying ethics come as a necessity rather than a matter of natural occurrence. Businessmen interact with diverse stakeholders in capacities ranging from employees, creditors, customers, directors, stockholders, government entities, and the community, as a whole. In this regard, they are obliged to abide by a set of standards which guide their actions and decisions in order to protect the stakeholders’ interests which they serve. Accordingly, each professional endeavor is governed by a code of ethics which encompass principles and values of integrity, objectivity, competence, respect and protection of legal and personal rights, confidentiality, nondiscrimination, promotion of wellness, refusal to participate in illegal and unethical acts, following scientific and ethical research procedures and compliance with state and federal laws, among others. Studying business ethics would assist individuals, as part of the organization, to discern their personal values that affect or influence the performance of their required responsibilities. By learning theoretical ethical concepts and their applications in business, individuals are made aware of the need to recognize relationships between legal and ethical decisions. Business ethics discusses the concepts on leadership and management where managerial responsibilities for the conduct of subordinates need to conform to ethical codes for guidance and compliance. The study of ethics give direction to promote the ethical behavior expected of stakeholders in the business setting. It

Buyer Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Buyer Behavior - Essay Example Various models of consumer behaviour have been developed over the years. The models reflect the different buying situations in which consumers find themselves. Factors influencing consumer behaviour must be considered as well as similar factors influencing the buying decisions in business to business transactions. An understanding of these factors and how they influence the buying decision are extremely important when putting together a selling strategy. Market research also plays an important part in helping to identify relevant facts about buyer behaviour (consumer or organizational) and provides all kinds of information which forms the basis of strategy formulation. A motive to make a certain purchase is an internal state of the purchase. While consumer behavior is observable, motives are psychological constructs that can only be inferred. Buying motives for consumer products may be classified as economic, emotional, product, and retail patronage. Some of the motives may be rational while others are emotional. To illustrate, economic motives include product durability or economy in use. Emotional motives might include romance, pleasure, or prestige. Product purchase motives might involve ease for making repairs or ease of installation. Patronage motives relate to variety for selection or promptness in delivery. Motives relate to perception. Motives come from the consumer's real self, self-image, ideal self, and looking-glass self. The way consumers envision the situation to themselves helps to shape their reactions or responses to marketers' appeals (Sharon, Boyle, 2004: 343). Consumer goals and needs are constantly changing in response to environmental conditions, interaction with others, and physical conditions. As individuals realize their goals, new objectives may be established. New levels of aspiration may surface. For example, if an individual loses ten pounds of weight another objective to lose an additional fifteen pounds may be established. Moreover, marketers need to be attuned to changing needs and goals. Automobile manufacturers have recognized the consumer's need for prestige or status. This need may be less important as some consumers seek safety or family enjoyment as reasons for purchasing a new car. Since many families own more than one motor vehicle, ownership of a Volvo sedan or station wagon, a pickup truck, and an economical used car for an adolescent might represent diverse needs. The reason consumers choose one brand over another may be vague and unknown to them. Why consumers choose one brand of refrigerator over another may be based on personal experience, an advertisement, a friend's comment, a salesperson's presentation, the location of the retailer for service or some other factor or combination thereof. Brand switching may occur as a result of changing needs, a dissatisfaction with the current brand used, or because a friend, relative, advertising campaign, an article in Consumer Reports, or other influence persuaded that consumer that a better benefit or value can be derived by switching brands. Marketers, by identifying and appealing to consumers' motives, can generate a positive environment for the sale of their products. A study of men depicted

Aristotles Views on Education

Aristotles Views on Education Thesis statement Practical knowledge is more important than theory based learning Introduction According to Aristotle, he was of the view that education in citys affected childrens character. As a result, the role of educational was always meant to ensure it serves the existing needs in the society. He thus advocated for private tutoring especially by parents because it went a long way in shaping childrens habits. Most parents, on the other hand, were keen to ensure their kids learned their cultures and likely to be achieved when such an initiative is adopted. It is despite, a lot of views being expressed. Different people also shared a common view but differed in how they expressed their opinion. Among the conventional views were, the need to emphasize on morality as well as knowledge. He still was in favor for the need to focus much on what mattered as opposed to merely teaching children what wasnt likely to add value to their life. Analysis The primary focus thus ought to direct attention on practical subjects. Such knowledge was likely to go a long way in adding value to their life in future now that they can still utilize such skills which are to a great extent so essential to life. However, it was also important to as well encourage students to embrace manual labor. Some were, on the other hand, likely to look down on themselves while carrying out such activity but needed to change their perception. Tutors thus needed to come up with the right approach to encourage a shift in the way some had a wrong misconception. Despite education playing an incredible role in the human society, people were also encouraged to avoid blowing it out of proportion only making it overbearing. As long as there was certification from the acquired knowledge, it was prone to be acknowledged as good. Such knowledge could as well help transform the society until the goal turned to an essential service rendered to the community. Whenever such a situation came about, there was a need to consider a different approach. He also distinguished the various forms of knowledge, at the top both reading as well as writing were also discussed. The two acts as a powerful tool of communication but still a lot could be realized via physical training as demonstrated by practical knowledge. Music still was a very effective means of communication as depicted in various cultures. Most people also expressed their culture through music and had for a long time plaid an important role among most communities. It was, however, hard for one to quantify the effect of music. Its in spite of it being used for leisure and meant to bring about relaxation during many occasions. He also laid emphasis on how both; playing as well as relaxation plaid a great role after undergoing a tough encounter as experienced after work. Leisure was, on the other hand, seen as a higher form of relaxation owing to the relief it was likely to bring about as demonstrated by a feeling of happiness. Leisure was also likened to be the ultimate goal of a quality life and prone to be the envy of every man. Aristotle was, however, of a different view as demonstrated by his take on music. According to him, it rarely inspired courage but embraced during leisure activities and thus only helped man spent the little time on leisure yet could still use such time while seeking to contribute more to life. Still on the same note, while both reading and writing may have played a great role in society, a lot was yet to be done and thus the need to also encourage their application. The society was prone to realize much when embraced owing to their ability to enhance human knowledge. As seen from this case study, Aristotle favored practical knowledge as compared to the use of theory. It is despite most schools embracing the use of theory while educating children thus prone to affect their future life negatively due to less practical skills yet so essential in life. There was thus need to start by training students well right from a young age. At such an age this shouldnt be overdone owing to its implication on them. When wrongly administered, it could as well fail to replicate the set goal. The student still needed to be trained for about three more years and meant to engage both their frame and mind. From Aristotles example, as portrayed in music, there was a need to go beyond theory. When well developed, knowledge of music was likely to be demonstrated through an excellent performance and achieved over time as a result of dedication and practice. Conclusion A lot is highlighted, however, as noted by Aristotle, there is a need to emphasize more on practical knowledge as opposed to concentrating much on theory as seen in most education systems. Such systems are only designed to meet the expectation these societies as opposed to empowering students thus the need to borrow a different approach to bringing about a difference in the community.

Burrhus Frederic Skinner Essays -- B.F. Skinner Psychologists Psycholo

Burrhus Frederic Skinner People do on a day to day basis, many actions without realizing it, and most of the time, they don’t know why they do them. Certain reinforcements, some positive, and some negative have conditioned their actions and thoughts. All organisms, including humans, are greatly influenced by the consequences produced by their own behavior. The environment holds the key to most of the changes that occur in the way a person behaves and a human’s own behavior brings consequences that change his or her actions (B. F. Skinner). Dr. B.F. Skinner forged the theory of Behaviorism, â€Å"a school of psychology that rejects the unobservable and focuses on patterns of responses to external rewards and stimuli† (Skinner, B. F.). Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born March 20, 1904, and raised in Susquehana, Pennsylvania, where his father worked as a lawyer and his mother was a strong and intelligent housewife (Boeree). Skinner’s parents encouraged him in his schoolwork, and he was well read as a child (B. F. Skinner). B. F. was â€Å"an active, out-going boy who loved the outdoors and building things, and actually enjoyed school† (Boeree). He enjoyed literature and biology especially (B. F. Skinner). Skinner attended Hamilton College in New York State (R. W. Kentridge). â€Å"He didn’t fit in very well, not enjoying the fraternity parties or the football games. He wrote for school paper, including articles critical of the school, the faculty, and even Phi Beta Kappa! To top it off, he was an atheist – in a school that required daily chapel attendance† (Boeree). He continued to read widely and to pursue interests in literature and biology. He began to write a lot of fiction and poetry, and became known as an aspiring poet. After his junior year, he attended the Summer School of English at Breadloaf, where he met Robert Frost (B. F. Skinner). When he graduated, â€Å"he planned to spend a year writing a novel, but found that he had nothing to write about and suffered through what he would later refer to his ‘dark year’†. Skinner considered pursuing graduate study in English, but eventually settled on psychology instead. â€Å"The choice of psychology followed Skinner’s realization that what intrigued him about literature was actually human behavior, a topic he felt could be approached more suitably through science† (B. F. Skinner). The writi ngs of Frances Bacon had interested... ...ood and bad. He tested his theory by inventing the Skinner Box and operant behavior. With his theories and testing, people now know how the many actions they perform throughout the day, and why they perform them. Works Cited A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: B. F. Skinner. PBS. 15 May 2000. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh.aso/databank/entries/bhskin.html>. B.F. Skinner. Boise State University. 9 May 2000. <http://education.boisestate.edu/FACHTML/cohort3/skinner.htm>. B.F. Skinner Foundation - Documents - A Brief Survey of Operant Behavior. The B.F Skinner Foundation. 14 May 2000. <http://www.bfskinner.org>. Boeree, Dr. C. George. B.F. Skinner. 9 May 2000. <http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/skinner.html>. Leahey, Thomas H. "Skinner, B.F." Academic American Encyclopedia. 1995 ed. R. W. Kentridge. Skinner Box. 17 May 2000. <http://www.biozentrum.uni- wuerzburg.de/genetics/behavior/learning/Skinnerbox.html>. Skinner, B. F. 17 May 2000. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/articles/11954.html>. Skinner, B. F. About Behaviorism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974. Skinner, B. F. Science and Human Behavior. New York: Macmillian, 1953.